Nanoscale ferroelectric oxidesFerroelectricity is a collective phenomenon based on the balance between long-range and short-range interactions, since microstructure-property relations in nanoscale ferroelectric oxides are of particular interest. We have developed a number of methods to prepare ferroelectric nanostructures, viz. electron-beam direct writing, nanoimprint lithography, hydrothermal growth in micelles, self-assembled chemical solution deposition, and pulsed laser deposition using appropriate deposition masks (stencils) of nanometer sizes. As the main method of investigation, piezoresponse force microscopy is being used (see recent book).